Grand Principality of Moskva, 1380-1505
Stand on the Ugra River: After skirmishes to cross the Ugra were repulsed by the Muskovite army, the Golden Horde waited for Polish allies but withdrew when they did not arrive. The Golden Horde was already in deep decline by this time, breaking up into separate khanates and hordes. In 1502, the horde was conquered by the Crimean Khanate, which had become independent from the Golden Horde in the 1440s.
Cossack Areas: The fiercely independent Cossacks had emerged as important forces around this time period. They conducted frequent raids for loot and for hostages to ransom or sell as slaves.
The Eastern Roman Empire: This empire, which traced its history back to the Roman Empire of antiquity, had been in deep decline for centuries. Its final remnants were conquered by the Ottoman Empire with the fall of Konstantinoupolis, which became Kostantiniyye (also called Istabul) under the Ottomans.
Ivan III (Ivan the Great)
Ivan III subjugates most of Russia and titles himself Grand Prince of All Russia. He refuses to pay tribute to the Golden Horde, ending its influence over Russia.