Tsardom of Russia, 1547-84
Ivan IV waged numerous wars trying to expand his state. In the west, a 25-year war over Livonia ended in defeat. In the east, however, campaigns against Muslim khanates won great swathes of territory.
Ivan the Terrifying
Ivan IV becomes worse as he ages, with in-creasing rages and mental instability. He kills his able son and heir in an angry fit, leaving his unfit, childless son Fyodor as future tsar.